Transforming Makoko

Makoko. Credit: Daily mail

Lagos aims to be a mega city.  In terms of population, it is already one but it is not inclusive. An inclusive city is defined as “one that values all people and their needs equally. It is one in which all residents—including the most marginalized of poor workers—have a representative voice in governance, planning, and budgeting processes, and have access to sustainable livelihoods, legal housing and affordable basic services such as water/sanitation and an electricity supply.”  In addition to being non-inclusive, research estimates that 70% of Lagos residents  live in slums i.e dwellings deplorable and unfit for humans. 

To address the "problems of slums", the state government embarked on slum demolition projects especially in  Makoko (a floating slum near Ebutte- Meta, population:100,000) in 2012. Rather than resolve the issue, the demolition worsened housing problems for residents as some converted their canoes to houses whilst others live under the bridges or school buildings.

An alternative to slum demolition is to reconstruct the slum as a floating community. The notion of floating homes is not new- it has been around for years and became popular after WW1 as an alternate source of housing due its affordability. It  exists in Asia, USA and Netherlands. A floating home is  a structure similar to land houses permanently attached to a dock. Houses can be built such that it rises under flood situations while it remains normal during non-flood times. To ensure that the homes are sturdy and resilient, researchers have advised that the foundation of  these  houses are made of water tight concrete and stone with a column-and-sleeve- unit for restraint. Well built floating homes survive floods.  For instance, a community built on river Maas in Netherlands in 2005 survived a flooding  in 2011. 

Concerns around amenities are addressed because sewage facilities  and utilities can be provided onshore. 

Floating home kitchen. Credit:http://www.nachi.org/inspecting-floating-homes.htm

The benefits of transforming the slum into a floating community include:

• Its affordability: After WW1 and till date, floating homes are popular in the United States. 
• The human dignity of residents will be restored: they will have access to social amenities and no longer have to bath or defecate in public.
• For the aesthics-driven government, a row of well built houses like below on the Atlantic speaks to its “progressiveness” and “meganess

Can Lagos State think of transforming Makoko to this?

Credit: designsigh.com

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Agriculture: the way forward?

The single most pressing challenge facing Africa's governments is to harness the continent's increasing wealth and use it to improve people's lives"- Grain Fish Money Africa Progress Panel Report

Greenland. That is what you see as your flight descends into any African country. That Africa suffers from food insecurity and unemployment despite land available for tilling is a paradox. By all accounts Africa is a blessed region- land, resources and people; yet the continent spends 35 billion dollars on food importation and is ravaged by poverty and unemployment.In a continent where unemployment ranges from 3.4% to 40% , the priority of any government should be to reduce unemployment with tools and resources immediately available.

Presently, Africa has about 120 million household farmers who produce 85% of food consumed across the continent- meeting the need for food production and sustenance compared to pockets of Folawiyo and Zartech-type farmers who we need for food exports

Africa is towing the  industrialization path but is forgetting Agriculture which is core for any development even if only for nutrition purposes. We forget that even developed countries have farmers who are enabled and protected by their governments.

The problem with agriculture as a viable field are diverse. These problems include low productivity( compared to the inputs and resources used,what is the harvest?), storage post harvest( $4 billion is the estimated post harvest loss due to storage inefficiencies), lack of new technologies (improved seeds and planting methods) and transportation costs. The internal problems facing agriculture are exarcabated by lack of finance and access to land.

 Low productivity is caused by low irrigation,  dependence on rainfall and low fertilizer use which reduces soil health. For instance, fertilizers across the continent typically cost three times than that for farmers in Brazil and India.

For governments that want to tackle their unemployment challenges, agriculture provides the means of doing so. Youths should can be incentivized to shift towards agriculture and agro-processing.

How?

• Creating access to land: Land is a vital part of African life and available. In  a country like Nigeria thanks to the land tenure act, all lands belong to the government. State and local governments seeking to develop their states can make land available to potentil farmers low-cost. Areas in a state or local government can be  designated  as farming areas. If this is done especially in urban areas where population density is high and the struggle for land is difficult people should be encouraged to farm be it in livestock or crop produce holding other factors constant.

• Access to finance: lack of affordable credit (the going rate in Nigeria for loans start from 20%), inability to save due to the subsistent nature of farming and lack of insurance inhibit farmers from expanding/improving their productivity by re-investing in farming. Also, farmers ergo members of the informal  economy are excluded from financial services because financial institutions do not invest in rural areas and farmers (both rural and potential urban) lack the requirements (a collateral) for credit. In addition, because agriculture is perceived as high risk, Financial Institutions do not invest in them because returns are not guaranteed. Also farmers/ youths with bright ideas are unable to translate these ideas into bankable projects. To address these challenges, Kenya has M-Pesa ( a mobile banking platform for the "poor") which has helped farmers. Nigeria's government in 2011 also created an agency Nigerian Incentive-Based Risk Sharing in Agricultural Lending whose purpose is to provide credit guarantees of unto 70% to banks that loan to farmers. However, the success of this agency is yet to be seen as there is little or no awareness of it's existence. On paper, an organization like NISRAL should provide comfort for banks to loan to farmers and should be encouraged. This should go hand in hand with reaching out to the farmers so that they make use of this opportunity. Related to this is that governments should reduce the incentive  for FIs to invest in bonds etc and fund the real sector. For instance, the yield on Nigeria's government bonds is at least 12%. A financial institution that loans at 25% and yields 12% has no incentive to reduce its interest rate. Financial institutions can also collaborate with farming associations in order to reach individual farmers or give credit to the farming association.

• Upskilling farmers: farmers lack access to the latest technologies and seeds. The effects of this is that they tend to overuse their land which leads to low productivity and low yields. According to a senior IFC official crop per resource use in Africa is low compared to other continent. Educating farmers can address this. In Malawi, a lead farmer project where a farmer that has been properly trained in the right agricultural techniques teaches/ shows this process to other farmers thus imbibing new principles and sharing best practices. Models like this can be introduced to other regions/ countries

• Enabling agribusiness: inefficiencies post harvest result in high prices of crops that do not even get to the primary producer. These inefficiencies include lack of storage, waste and infrastructure. For instance in Nigeria about 80% of her roads are unpaved and unsafe. Coupled with the security challenges the nation faces, middlemen have to contend with bad roads, tipping policemen etc. On the issue of wast, the "useful" part of say a cow is taken and others discarded. As previously mentioned, every part of a cow is useful even it's blood. Also, cassava is being processed the same way it has been processed for centuries. The government can come in by teaching youth the how and whats of agro-processing. It is great to see Nigerian brands of pancake flour, yam flour, cassava etc. It would be more successful if more people engage in afro-processing.

Agriculture provides a veritable means of addressing the continents youth unemployment food insecurity challenges. African governments have to sort out the infrasture issue because without it there will be no connection between the primary producers and final consumers.

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From Al-Shabaab to Boko Haram

He will win who knows how to handle both superior and

Inferior forces.- Sun Tzu the Art of War

The President of Gabon, Ali Bongo Ondimba, commenting on the absence of inter-regional trade remarked that "it won’t be until we have sufficient security against internal, regional and continental threats that we can be sure of real development. After securing security, we can be confident that our achievements will be safeguarded, and also have the capacity to construct infrastructure such as regional railways, airports and highways that will facilitate trade and help us to integrate faster".

He's right. Across the continent, there are rising issues of insecurity from local conflicts in South Sudan and Central African Republic to attacks in Nigeria and Kenya. These attacks blight the "Africa rising" spirit across the continent.

Unfortunately, African governments are taken by surprise at these attacks and rather than tackle the issue, it is politicized. The attacks on Nigeria and Kenya by groups that are probably connected-considering the similarity of their modus operandi- show a lack of regional cooperation.  As president Kagame noted it is sad that African leaders have to be summoned by former colonial rulers to discuss their security challenges (President Hollande convened a meeting on the 17th of May and the United Kingdom on the 12th of June). 

The emergence of both Al-Shabaab and Boko Haram show that underneath the "jihadist" agenda lies grievance towards authority institutions for past brutality and the desire for revenge. These are consequences of mis-governance and divisive leadership. Said Barre ruled Somalia for 22 years and the repressive leadership he provided caused the failed state Somalia has become and birthed the organization that transformed into Al-Shabaab. Also, the divide and rule strategy of Nigeria's founding fathers, nurtured by military rulers embedded the ethnicity and mistrust that plagues Nigeria today and makes every clan feel cheated such they vote for sectarian interests that are personally injurious to them.

As UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon, noted "terrorism thrives when conflicts continue to simmer, or where rights are systematically violated, or where discrimination is institutionalized, or where there are few prospects of a secure and stable livelihood”.  African rulers need to stop encouraging ethnicity and repressiveness because there are consequences, lasting consequences that can break a society. Iraq, Somalia and Libya are recent examples. Zimbabwe may go the same route when Mugabe dies or there is a revolt.The focus on security institutions by these groups tell African military forces to rethink their strategies by relying more on intelligence than on the blunt and arbitrary use of force. 

A failure to coordinate security and social policies means there will be no enduring growth. Whatever developments occur can be wiped out by these avoidable conflicts. For instance, the economic indices for Nigeria are presently good but the North is Nigeria's food basket. The attacks by Boko Haram have disrupted farming activities and livelihoods. This has caused higher food prices and food insecurity and directly impacts the Federal government’s policy of reducing food imports. Kenya is also witnessing a downturn in her tourism industry. The September mall attack is projected to cause a loss of $160 million in revenue for the country. The increased attacks will continue to tarnish the nation's fame as a tourist hub. For instance, the US shortly before the May 17 attack issued travel advisory warning to citizens. 




What to do?

First, governments have to ignore the politics (for Nigeria, it is that BH is sponsored, for Kenya, it is that the Kenyatta government is being undermined) and address the root causes. Neither country can do it alone. They have to collaborate and identify linkages that exist between these groups. Al Shabaab’s killing of 70 students, bombing of a sports bar in Kampala in 2010 during a World Cup match, the Westgate mall attack in Nairobi in 2013, the attack on a Nairobi market on May 17, 2014, the Mpetkoni attack on June 15 and the murder of 17 African Union soldiers bear resemblance to Boko Haram's attacks of schools, military posts, social life and villages in Nigeria.  

Tied to this is the issue of governance. African leaders need to focus on creating enduring legacies rather than pit one group against another. 

Also, the menace of corruption especially in public institutions has to be addressed. From Nigeria to Kenya, it is easy to bribe border control officials. A situation where immigration officials requests for inducement breeds free flow of drugs, arms and ammunition and mercenaries. 

In addition, Africa rulers should realize that though the continent is diverse, geographical divisions across the content are similar: a developing south versus an underdeveloped North. Recognizing this should change a government’s outlook of viewing problems as "national"

Social justice and human rights have to be engrafted and become part of "government culture". One would have thought that the experiences with Niger Delta Militants would teach Nigerian Military that rules of engagement have changed. That Boko Haram transformed into what it has become showed that Nigerian government learnt nothing from that experience. 

 Finally, governments have to creatively address underemployment and unemployment. Youths are incentivized to join terrorist groups because they are idle, disillusioned and are offered incentives. That a youth can set a village ablaze for N2, 000 shows the deep levels of unemployment and poverty that exist in the country.

According to World Economic Forum research, there are 44.7 million unemployed youths in Sub Saharan Africa and 147 million underemployed youths. That is the population of South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Tunisia, Sierra-Leone and Togo combined. Graduates- fully and half baked- are being daily added to this number. Left unchecked, the effect is a shoe waiting to drop. A stitch in time saves nine

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Counting the costs of government's inefficiencies: the enervation of the military

Nigeria's Military's  inability to successfully combat and defeat Niger- Delta militants and recently  Boko Haram insurgents belies its success as  ECOMOG's lead peace-keeping force. For a corp that is regarded as the pride of Africa, the army's routing by insurgents illustrates the that the military is unable to perform its primary duty of guarding the nation.I agree with president Jonathan that the army is ill-equipped and that this is due  the neglect of the military by successive  governments. 
The foundation of Nigeria's military pre and post independence  is deeply flawed and rather than  re-build a military that can defend and protect the  nation's territorial integrity, Nigerian governments since 1966  further weakened  her defence corp by delibrate actions and inactions. 
The responses to attacks in the North  reveals that the army is thinly spread, soldiers are poorly trained and underfunded and defence allocations- which forms a huge part of national  budgets (since 2012 over 1.5 trillion was allocated to the military) has been mismanaged. 
A look at Boko Haram's recent attacks show a concentration at Bama,Damboa, Konduga,Gwozo and Chibok areas of Borno State.  Obviously, these areas should be designated hot spots yet the insurgents have successfully attacked these places  over and over again. Even when people on the ground know an attack is imminent, the military is unable to respond and prevent the attack. 
For instance, in the Gamboru attack of the 5th of May, it was reported that the attack occurred 1 hour after the military men stationed at the border left on a tip off about  the location of the missing girls. The attack lasted 12 hours and there was no military response. The revelations arising from the Chibok abduction and previous abductions of females lend credence to military complicity in the attacks. For instance, in the  taped video shared by the insurgents, the leader speaks against a  background of an Armoured Personal Carrier (APC) painted in military colours- first, can this vehicle not be traced? Second, there should be paper trail on the vehicle. This begs the question why there would be military collaborators and the only reasonable suggestion is pecuniary motives. If members of the defence corp willingly aid insurgents, then this has to be the Military's nadir. 
The military has faced challenges since inception. Jim Peter notes that  "the formative years of the army was flawed starting with the British". The military lacked "manpower, mobility, fire and necessary logistical support" as far the the 1950s. 
By 1960, in order to address the gap of  military size relative to Nigeria's population and lack of professional experience, the colonialists embarked on a recruitment drive and employed a quota system that gave the North an advantage.  The colonialists also trained a set of army officers (the majors that conducted the coup, the class of Gowon, Obasanjo, Muritala Mohammed) at the renown Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst and The Mons Officer Cadet School. These soldiers returned and were rated above their superiors that did not enjoy  these  trainings. Thus, a rift was created between along ethnicity and cadre levels. The situation was aggravated by the promotions the newly minted officers  enjoyed  with no commensurate professional experience. 
In 1966, the military transitioned from partial involvement in Nigerian politics (The army was involved in the 1964 Tiv crisis, Federal Workers strike and the 1965 election crises in the Western Region) to fully running the show.  Apart from Nigeria's democracy, the other major casuality of the politicization of the military was the military itself.
Rather than develop the professional competence of the military, successive military governments decapacitated the military to prevent counter coups. The transition to democracy in 1999 did little to positively reshape  the military as President Obasanjo undertook reforms that decentralized the powers of the Military. In 2006, a National Defence Policy was enacted but it was neither comprehensive nor implemented. 
What has been the effect of the under-development and politicization of the army? First, the nation has no military strategy. Second, the army is ill-equipped to protect the territorial integrity of Nigeria. It can bark but not bite. Sadly this challenge was recognized as recently as 2006 yet nothing was done to address and close this gap.  Late Patrick Azazi ( Former Chief of Army Staff and National Security Adviser) noted that "the key to containing the threats in this dynamic multi-dimensional battlesapce is a total domain awareness... This would entail creating an effective and efficient national C4ISR (command, control, communication, computer, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance) capabilities to monitor all land, sea and air spaces within the confines of Nigeria's territorial land, air and sea areas.. the defence sector lacks an integrated network that is effect based and ICT driven hence it will be difficult for it to gather information, process it into actionable intelligence and disseminate it in a timely manner". 
Unfortunately, because the nation's defence is weakened, external help has come from the US, UK and Israel- the effects of opening up to foreign military aid remains unseen. 
There is still hope if the government sits up and begins the herculean task of cleaning out and sorting out rather than playing the "opposition" and ethnicity card.
He who sows wind would reap whirlwind. It is 2014 and the nation is reaping the whirlwind of the 1960s- 1990s.  It is time to reverse the tide.

Deuces 

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